PARTS OF SPEECH
Words,
which are the building blocks of language, are used in eight different
ways. They have, therefore, eight
different names, called PARTS OF SPEECH. These parts of speech are: NOUN, PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE, VERB, ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION,
AND INTERJCTION. Each of these
parts of speech can be used in various ways, as seen below
NOUN
A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea;
it may be proper or common; concrete or abstract; singular or plural; compound
or collective
Person – student, mother, Jamie,
Mrs. Jones
Place – kitchen, classroom, Grand
Canyon, Hawaii
Thing – surfboard, video, year, gum
Idea – thought, education,
democracy, peace
Proper –names a particular person,
place, or thing; capitalized
Common – a general name; not
capitalized
Concrete – something you can see,
hear, smell, touch, or taste
Abstract – names an idea, quality,
or state (pride, sadness)
Singular – names a single person, place, thing, or idea (foot)
Plural – names more than one (feet)
Compound - made up of two or more
words; it may be written as one word
(baseball), separate
words (parking lot), or as a hyphenated word (runner-up)
Collective - refers to a group of
people of things (audience, crowd)
PRONOUN
A word used in place of one or more
nouns; it may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea; the word to which it refers is its
ANTECEDENT. There are several types
Personal I, me, you
he,
him, she, her, it
we,
us, they, them
Possessive my, mine, your, yours
his,
her, its
our,
ours, their, theirs
Indefinite anybody, somebody
each,
either, everything
none,
some, both, few, etc.
Interrogative who, whom
what,
which, whose
Demonstrative this, that, these, those
Reflexive/Intensive myself, yourself, himself, herself
itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
NOTE: A reflexive pronoun reflects action back upon the
subject and adds information to the
sentence; an intensive pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence: ie. Donna
prepared herself for the party; Donna herself prepared for the
party.
VERB
A word that expresses action,
describes a state of being, or otherwise helps to make a statement; there are
several types:
Action Verbs
express mental or physical action:
EX:
The dog ran through the waves and chased
the Frisbee.
She though hard but
couldn’t remember the answer.
Linking Verbs do not show action,
but connect the subject with a word in the predicate; the most common linking verb is “be” and its many forms:
am, is, are, was,
were
has been, have
been, had been, will be, shall be
may be, would have
been, can be, should be
Other common forms are:
taste, feel, smell,
sound, look, appear
become, seem, grow,
remain, and stay
EX: I am a teacher.
He has been
sick.
The cakes were
delicious.
The flowers smelled
good.
(but NOT, “She
smelled the flowers”).
Helping Verbs help the main verb to
express action or make a statement; together they form verb phrases; the most
common helping verbs are shown below:
is, am, are, was,
were, be, being, been
has, have, had, do,
does, did, shall, will,
should, would, may,
might must, can, could
EX:
We have been enjoying our
vacation.
He will have
been running for an hour.
ADJECTIVE A word that modifies a noun or pronoun; they are describing
words which answer the following
questions:
What kind? happy children; sunny day
Which one or ones? any book; seventh grade
How many or how much? five dollars; full tank
EX: The cheerful young girl had numerous
friends.
The cantankerous
old man suffered through many lonely days.
NOTE: The most commonly used
adjectives – a, an, the – are called ARTICLES.
ADVERB A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; like
adjectives, they also answer
certain questions. Some of the most
common forms are listed below:
Where? here, there, away, up
When? now, then, later, soon
How? clearly, easily,
quietly, slowly
How often? never, always, often, seldom
To what extent? very, too, almost, so, really
EX:
The sun is shining brightly in
the sky today.
Yesterday
the student completed him homework very carefully.
NOTE:
Both adjectives and adverbs may appear BEFORE or AFTER the word (or words) they
modify; sometimes an adverb may appear in the middle of a verb phrase.
EX: The friendly student pointed us in the
right direction.
The student, who
was friendly and intelligent, pointed us in the right
direction.
The class often
complains about homework.
The class complains
often about homework.
Suddenly,
the door opened.
The door opened suddenly.
He did not
know the answer.
Movie stars are often
seen in Hollywood.
PREPOSITION
A word that shows the relation of a
word or pronoun to some other word in the sentence;
below are some of the most common prepositions:
around behind for throughout at
about below in to before
above beneath into toward except
across beside like under for
after between of during since
against beyond off until through
along by on up within
among down over with without
EX: The skater
rolled down the hill and crashed into the bushes.
She walked
through the store on her way to the parking lot.
She bought
a bouquet of flowers for her mom.
NOTE: Prepositions
never stand alone in a sentence; they are always used with a noun or pronoun called the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
(ie. under
the boardwalk;
during the last week; in the kitchen)
ALSO NOTE: Sentences should not end with a
preposition.
EX: He realized
he had nothing to start with. (incorrect)
He
realized he had nothing with which to start. (correct)
The Alaskan wilderness is a difficult
place to survive in. (incorrect)
The
Alaskan wilderness is a difficult place in which to survive.(correct)
CONJUNCTION
A word that joins words or groups of
words; they are also used to join compound sentences. The most common conjunctions can be remembered
with the word FANBOYS
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
EX: Jeff and
Robert; sun or rain; fun but expensive; tired yet happy
Philip is
listening, but Kenny is talking.
She plays
the guitar, and her brother plays the piano.
INTERJECTION
A word that expresses strong emotion;
set apart by a comma or exclamation point; it has no grammatical relationship
to the rest of the sentence
EX: Ouch! That hurts.
Wow! What a beautiful day!
Oh no,
I broke a nail.
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