كلية الإقتصاد: لغة إنجليزية: الثاني



UNINVERSITY OF DONGOLA

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINSTRATIVE SCIENCE

*******

ENGLISH COURSE

Compiled by

Dr. Omer Bushara Ahmed

Faculty of Education

2008

READING:

PASSAGE (1)

COMMERCE

Commerce plays a very important part in our life. By commerce we mean trade carried on between different nations. The goods sent out of a country are called its exports; goods received into a country are called its imports. Many important articles are imported from foreign countries. Without this interchange of goods, we should have to do without many of the comforts we now enjoy. Thousands of people, who at present, find employment in our factories and workshops, would no longer be required, and food would be much dearer. Commerce therefore, finds an outlet for the surplus production of the country. Many people find work in factories, the different means of transport, markets, and banks and even in big and small shops. Commerce offers chances to the unemployed and helps the progress of the country.

Commerce depends to a very great extend upon advertisement. When they are cleverly shown, they attract our attention. We step into the shops and buy our needs. Newspapers and magazines are very useful and cheap ways of propaganda. Hoardings, advertising posts and boards are used to advertise the different articles. Some advertisement are broadcast by radio or shown on television or cinema screen. Neon lights beautifully display our best products. Advertising makes the merchants' names and goods known to us. Many merchants have made great profits through advertising it is always said (it pays to advertise).

Vocabulary:

word meaning word meaning

commerce تجارة exports صادرات

trade تجارة imports واردات

goods بضائع interchange تبادل

employment توظيف Surplus فائض

unemployed عطالة Advertisement إعلان

propaganda دعاية Merchant تاجر

Questions:

- What do we mean by commerce?

- What do we call goods sent out of the country?

- What do we call goods received into a country?

- What are the advantages of commerce?

- Upon what does Commerce depend?

- What is the use of advertising?

- Name some of advertising means?

PASSAGE (2)

INSURANCE

Insurance is one of the most important aids to commerce. Insurance companies make merchants sure that will get their goods in good time and condition.

Goods sent by rail, land, sea or air are insured against dangers. Insurance companies are ready to give certificates to workers and officials. They make sure that such people are trustworthy and reliable.

One can authorizes one's bank to pay his insurance premium. Insurance premium may be monthly or yearly paid.

Insurance makes us sure that highly perishable articles will be handed in good condition. Without insurance, commerce would go bad. People will be unable to get their needs.

Vocabulary:

word meaning word meaning

insurance تأمين certificate شهادة

Insurance companies شركات التأمين officials موظفين

Insured against dangers مؤمن ضد المخاطر perishable عرضة للتلف

Insurance premium قسط التأمين authorize يوكل

Questions:

- Why is insurance important?

- What are the means by which goods are sent?

- Against what are goods insured?

- Dangers, like what?

- How can you pay your insurance premiums?

- what will happen without insurance?

WRITING:

Writing formal or business letter:

Formal or business letter has seven parts as shown below:

EXAMKPLE:

P.O. Box 654

Faculty of Economics,

University of Dongola,

Dongola, Sudan.

The managing director

Kenana Sugar Company

P. O. Box 7598,

Khartoum, Sudan.

Dear Sir,

I am writing to apply for the job of an accountant as advertised in AKHIR LAHZA newspaper on June 4th, 2008.

I am 35 years old, I am a Sudanese. I am a BA holder in accounting. In addition I have a higher diploma in business administration from Dongola University. I can write well and speak fluently both in English and Arabic languages. Also, I have training courses in computer applications in business.

Here in I enclose copies of my certificates and documents.

I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully

Ali Hassan

-

مصطلحات : :TERMS

المقابل بالعربية Term المقابل بالعربية Term

توقيع signature إدارة أعمال Business Administration

مشروع scheme بكللاريوس BA (bachelor of arts)

تهريب smuggling ارفق طيه enclose

ميزانية budget مدير إدارة Managing director

حق الملكية royality موعد نهائي deadline

التحية salutation مشروع قرار resolution

طلب وظيفة application البيع بالتقسيط Selling by installment

مؤهل qualification وظيفة شاغرة vacancy

شهادة Certificate فرصة وظيفة Job opportunity

مستند document إعلان عن وظيفة Job announcement

خبرة experience إعلان (دعاية) advertisement

يسترد نقود refund عنوان بريدي address

OPPOSITES

opposite word opposite word

quantity quality lend borrow

tenant landlord lender borrower

retail wholesale supply demand

cash cheque oral written

servant master generous greedy

`follow lead refuse / reject accept

loss profit customer producer

GRAMMAR:

Adjectives:

Forms

Adjectives are generally invariable in English and do not agree with nouns in number and gender; nor do they take case endings:

• a blue car

• the great outdoors

• a group of young women

However, a few adjectives have a connotation which is slightly masculine or feminine. Thus, one says that a woman is beautiful while a man would be called handsome.

Adjectives indicating religion or nationality (or a region, state or province) generally begin with a capital letter, whether they refer to people or objects:

• She is an American student.

• They go to a Catholic school.

• They enjoy Breton music.

Usage:

In a noun cluster an adjective will be placed, with very few exceptions, in front of the noun it modifies. When two adjectives precede a noun, they can be connected by a comma (,) or by the conjunction" and." In a series of three or more adjectives, one usually uses "and" before the last adjective in the list.

Examples:

• I like short novels.

• That fellow will be a competent worker.

• She writes long and flowery letters.

• He works long, hard hours.

• She had a mean, old and overbearing step-mother.

An adjective may follow the noun when it is in a predicate (after the verb) or in a relative clause. (In relative clauses the relative pronoun may be implicit.)

Examples:

• He was a man (who was) always happy to help others.

• She is a woman (who is) true to herself.

• They were entirely satisfied.

Where should I put adjectives?

Where should I put my adjectives? When you use several adjectives, please use he following order to build your sentence. Please note that sentences containing 4 (or more!) adjectives are very awkward and should be split into several sentences.

1- Opinion

>> an interesting movie, an exciting journey

2- Dimension

>> a large house, a big car

3- Age

>> an old boat, a young boy

4- Shape

>> an oval carpet, a round table

5- Colour

>> a grey raincoat, a green door

6- Origin

>> French bread, a Japanese town

7-Material

>> a plastic bottle, a wooden treasure

EXAMPLES:

>A wonderful old Italian clock. (opinion - age - origin)

>A big square blue box. (dimension - shape - colour)

>A disgusting pink plastic ornament. (opinion - colour - material)

>Some slim new French trousers. (dimension - age - origin)

Connectives:

They are used to join words, phrases, clauses and sentences:

- and:

I asked Ahmed to give me the pen and the book.

I have eaten a sandwich and drunk orange juice.

- but:

He can speak English but I don't know English.

I don't know him well but I will tell him.

- or:

You can go by bus or you can walk.

Do you like tea or coffee?

- both…… and:

Both Ali and are friends.

He speaks both English and Arabic.

- either ……..or:

Either Ali or Ahmed speaks English well.

I like either tea or coffee.

- neither……..nor:

He likes neither tea nor coffee.

He is neither an American nor French.

- not only…….,but also:

He is not only a rich man, but also he is a generous man.

Not only is he a rich man, but also he is a generous man.

However + adjective/adverb:

However beautiful she is, she has not got married yet.

However hard the exam is, Ali has got the full mark.

- Although:

Although the car was small, they all managed to get in.

Although he was ill, he came to attend the lecture.

- in spite of:

In spite of illness, he came to attend the lecture.

In spite of feeling tired, we decided to go out.

-while:

While I was walking, I met Ali.

- after:

After I had finished my work, I went to bed.

Grammar Exercises:

1. Either he or I ………….. on the right side.

(A) am (B) is (C) he (D) are

2……………. Of them are thieves.

(A) Neither (B) either (C) both (D) each

3. are you going to stay ………………. Leave.

(A) or (B) either (C) and

4. I played well ……………….. I lost the game

(A) and (B) but (C) or (D) yet

5. ………… my opinion, it is too expensive.

(A) from (B) in ( C) on (D) at

6. I found a strange man …………. My friends

(A) in (b) on (c) among (D) between

7. I was there …………………. 1998 and 2005.

(A) from (B) to (C) at (D) Between.

8. He had a scar ……………… his face

(A) In (B) on (C) at (D) to

9. The teacher sees ………………. as good students.

(A) we (B) our (C) us (D) ourselves

10. the car in blue is ………………….

(A) him (B) whose (C) my (D) mine

11. We usually tip the people who serve ……………

(A) we (B) our (C) us (D) ourselves

12. Any thing ……………….. I can do?

(A) other (B) next (C) else (D) another

13. While I ………………… ,I had a call.

(A) eat (B) ate (C) am eating (D) was eating

14. Have Ali arrived ………………..?

(A) yet (B) for (C) since (D) ago

15. People ………………drink pure water

(A) must (B) might (C) can (D) may

16. If Had come, I would ……………..him

(A) see (B) saw (C) have seen (D) seen

17. would you like ………….. bread.

(A) any (B) some (C) many (D) few

18. Ali …………lives in Dongola, is a teacher.

(A) whom (B) whose (C) who (D) he

19. He is fond ………….. playing tennis

(A) of (B) by (C) off (D) for

20. Do you like tea …….. coffee?

(A) either (B) nor (C) or (D) but























Form



Time Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous

Present He goes

She goes

It goes

I go

We go

You go

They go He is going

She is going

It is going

I am going

We are going

You are going

They are going He has gone

She has gone

It has gone

I have gone

We have gone

You have gone

They have gone He has been going

She has been going

It has been going

I have been going

We have been going

You have been going

They have been going

Past He went

She went

It went

I went

We went

You went

They went He was going

She was going

It was going

I was going

We were going

You were going

They were going He had gone

She had gone

It had gone

I had gone

We had gone

You had gone

They had gone He had been going

She had been going

It had been going

I had been going

We had been going

You had been going

They had been going

Future

I shall go

We shall go

You will go

He will go

She will go

It will go

They will go I shall be going

We shall be going

You will be going

He will be going

She will be going

It will be going

They will be going I shall have gone

We shall have gone

You will have gone

He will have gone

She will have gone

It will have gone

They will have gone I shall have been going

We shall have been going

You will have been going

He will have been going

She will have been going

It will have been going

They will have been going