EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOG
Prof. Omer Bushara
Ahmed
NILE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF NURSING
LECTURE (1)
What is Education?
Education is
the process of acquiring
knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, and habits through
teaching, training, research, or experience. It prepares
individuals to live effectively in
society and to contribute positively to
its development.
Formal Sense:
Education refers to the structured system of learning that takes place in schools, colleges, and universities, usually guided by a curriculum and trained teachers
Broad
Sense
Education is a lifelong process that goes beyond classrooms. It is about developing the whole person intellectually, socially, morally,
emotionally, and practically
Education dos not end
with formal schooling.
People continue
to learn from experience,
reflection, and interaction throughout
their lives.
Example: A
doctor continues learning through new research; a farmer adapts to new
techniques.
Education aims at the
development of the whole person intellectual,
physical, emotional, moral, spiritual, and social.
It is not confined
to book learning but involves character formation and personal growth.
Education adapts
to societal changes, scientific discoveries, and
technological innovations.
What was relevant 100
years ago may not meet the demands of the 21st century.
Purposes of
Education
To develop knowledge and
critical thinking.
To build character and values.
To prepare
individuals for careers and responsibilities.
To promote social
harmony and citizenship.
To empower people to improve
their own lives and societies.
Aims of
Education
1. Personal Development
Intellectual growth:
cultivating reasoning, problem-solving, and creativity.
Emotional growth: developing
confidence, resilience, and empathy.
Moral growth: instilling
integrity, honesty, and responsibility.
2. Social Development
Education socializes
individuals into the norms, values, and traditions of
society.
It fosters cooperation,
tolerance, and civic responsibility.
Example: Learning
democratic values through classroom participation.
3. Economic Development
Education prepares people
for the workforce.
It builds skills,
competencies, and adaptability needed in a knowledge-based
economy.
4. Cultural Preservation
Transmits heritage,
language, traditions, and
customs from one generation to another.
Ensures continuity
while allowing for innovation and reform.
Types of
Education
1. Formal Education
Structured and institutionalized.
Conducted in
schools, colleges, universities.
Curriculum-driven,
graded, and certified.
Example: Primary
school, secondary school, university degrees.
2. Non-Formal Education
Organized learning outside
the traditional school system.
Short-term courses,
vocational training,
adult literacy programs.
Flexible, practical, and
need-based.
Example: Community
health training, NGO workshops.
3. Informal Education
Learning acquired through daily
life, family, friends, work, and media.
No fixed structure,
curriculum, or certification.
Example: A
child learning manners at home or an adult learning skills from YouTube.
Philosophical Perspectives on Education
1. Idealism
Focuses on the mind, spirit, and eternal truths.
Education develops moral and intellectual virtues.
Example:
Studying literature, philosophy, and
ethics to refine character
2. Realism
Stresses scientific
knowledge and observable facts.
Education trains individuals
to understand the world as
it is.
Example:
Emphasis on laboratory work, mathematics, and natural sciences.
3. Naturalism
Advocates education in harmony with nature.
Learners should grow freely according to their natural abilities.
Example: Rousseau’s idea of learning through
experience and exploration
4. Pragmatism
Education is practical,
problem-solving, and experience-based.
"Learning by
doing" is central.
Example:
John Dewey’s project method in classrooms.
5. Existentialism
Education emphasizes personal
freedom, choice, and authenticity.
Each learner creates
meaning for themselves.
Example:
Encouraging students to pursue their passions and question authority.
Psychological Perspectives on Education
Psychology
plays a vital role in shaping how education
is understood and
practiced. It explains how learners think, feel, and
behave during the process of
learning.
1. Behaviorism
Learning is a change in behavior
caused by stimulus and response.
Education relies on reinforcement,
rewards, and punishments.
Example: A
student studies harder after being praised for good grades.
2. Constructivism
Learners actively
construct knowledge based on experiences.
Teachers act as
facilitators rather than transmitters of knowledge.
Example: Students learning math by
solving real-life problems instead of memorizing formulas
3. Cognitivist
Focuses on how the mind
processes information.
Education involves attention,
memory, perception, and problem-solving.
Example:
Using mind maps to help learners organize knowledge.
4. Humanism
Emphasizes personal
growth, self-esteem, and intrinsic motivation.
Education must respect
individual needs and creativity.
Example:
Project-based learning where students choose topics of personal interest.
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